NYTimes: the legacy of the Beijing Olympics will be a high-tech police state

附多维混乱“编译报道”。

中评社引用了纽约时报这篇报道：
“美国《纽约时报》4日刊文分析说，周一发生在喀什的袭击事件是近年来针对中国安全部队的最为严重的一次袭击事件。《纽约时报》称，自从1972年德国慕尼黑奥运会发生恐怖事件后，恐怖主义的幽灵就降落到了随后的每一届奥运会之上。不过，反恐专家说，北京采取的广泛和全面的安保措施足以挫败对北京实施的任何恐怖袭击。”（http://gb.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1007/1/1/8/100711851.html?coluid=24&kindid=0&docid=100711851&mdate=0805140803）
我朝大小黄色媒体引用“外电”都手法多可照此成例。

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16 Killed in Attack on Western China Police Station

http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/04/sports/olympics/05china.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&adxnnlx=1217926874-K6dAVMJ2S%20S8YNdb9TCHfw

By EDWARD WONG and KEITH BRADSHER
Published: August 4, 2008

BEIJING — Chinese officials have thrown an almost smothering blanket of security across this capital of 17 million in preparation for the start of the Olympic Games on Friday. Above all else, Chinese leaders say, these Olympics will be “safe.”

They warn that terrorism is a constant threat, particularly from Muslim separatist groups in the Xinjiang region of western China. On Monday morning, Xinhua, the state news agency, reported what appeared to be the deadliest assault against Chinese security forces in recent memory: 16 policemen were killed and 16 others injured when attackers threw two grenades into a police station in the desert oasis town of Kashgar, in the far west, after driving a truck into the station at 8 a.m. Two men were arrested.

Even before that raid, Chinese officials had transformed Beijing into a giant fortress. Surface-to-air missiles take aim at the sky above the Olympic stadiums here. Surveillance cameras mounted on light poles scan sidewalks. Police officers search thousands of cars and trucks entering the city.

Even civilians have been called on to strengthen the motherland: Tens of thousands of middle-age and elderly residents wearing red armbands, reminiscent of the zealous Red Guard youth from decades ago, now patrol neighborhoods looking for even a slightly suspicious act or person.

But human rights advocates accuse the Chinese government of using the pretext of terrorism to silence dissent and clamp down on ethnic minority groups that chafe at rule by ethnic Han Chinese, who dominate the Communist Party leadership. Some security experts say many of the surveillance measures will probably stay in place after the Games, to bolster the reach of the authorities.

To hear Chinese officials tell it, the threats come from a dizzying array of malcontents: groups advocating independence in the western autonomous regions of Xinjiang and Tibet, followers of the banned Falun Gong spiritual movement, Al Qaeda, and unstable individuals.

“I believe that Beijing’s Olympics are now facing real threats from terrorist attacks,” said Li Wei, a counterterrorism expert at the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations, a research organization that advises the government.

“I think the Olympics are the most important international sports event in four years,” he said, “and it’s the biggest focus of the international media in four years, so this might draw some attention from terrorist groups.”

The specter of terrorism has fallen over every Olympics since the 1972 Summer Games in Munich, when 11 Israeli athletes and coaches were killed by a Palestinian group.

Experts on terrorism say the extensive preparations are among the most comprehensive of any Games and may be enough to discourage any attacks in the capital. But China still faces a risk of terrorist attacks elsewhere during the Games, particularly after the raid on Monday and a recent series of bus bombings outside Beijing.

The authorities in Beijing are preventing some people from the provinces from entering the city during the Olympics and have slowed or halted the issuing of visas to certain foreigners. All this could dampen attendance at the Games.

Terrorism experts inside and outside China say the biggest threat to this Olympics comes from violent separatists from Xinjiang, a region historically dominated by the Uighurs, a Muslim Turkic group, but now governed by Han Chinese.

In the first half of 2008, 82 people were arrested in Xinjiang in connection with terrorist plots aimed at the Olympics, the police say.

Chinese officials say the greatest risk of an attack comes from a shadowy group called the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, or ETIM, which promotes independence for the region’s Uighurs. The State Department listed the group as a terrorist organization in 2002. Scholars of Xinjiang debate the potency and makeup of the group, and some question whether such a group even exists.

Some outside experts say the organization is fairly small and includes a group called the Turkestan Islamic Party, which released a video on July 23 showing a masked man identified as Commander Seyfullah claiming responsibility for recent bus explosions in Kunming and Shanghai that killed five people and wounded at least 26.

Mr. Li and Chinese officials say the explosions were the acts of disgruntled individuals and not terrorist attacks, though several outside terrorism experts suspect the East Turkestan Islamic Movement was involved.

Steve Vickers, a longtime head of Hong Kong criminal intelligence who is now the chief executive of International Risk, an Asian security consulting firm, said “the threat remains moderate but slightly elevated because of the Olympics.”

Although he is one of the experts who say the greatest threat comes from ETIM or offshoots of the group, he said that “the Chinese have been on these people a long time” and have contained them well.

Rohan Gunaratna, head of the International Center for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, said an ETIM attack outside Beijing was likely. Such attacks could be expected to spread fear and disrupt the Olympics.

Mr. Gunaratna estimated that the group has about 40 members based in the mountainous tribal areas of Pakistan who intend to carry out operations. Uighurs trained in Afghanistan before the American invasion in 2001, though their ties with ETIM or other groups are unclear.

ETIM now survives in Pakistan under the protection of Al Qaeda and the Pakistani Taliban, and it has in recent years adopted the ideology of global jihad espoused by Al Qaeda, Mr. Gunaratna said.

He added that China lacked an understanding of these groups and that harsh tactics adopted against the Uighurs would turn more Uighurs into radicals.

Chinese officials are warning of at least one other group fomenting unrest among the Uighur. Xinhua has reported that an international Sunni group called Hizb ut-Tahrir, or Party of Liberation, whose goal is to re-establish an Islamic empire across Asia, was responsible for organizing protests in late March in the western city of Khotan that involved hundreds of people.

The new security measures in Beijing include increasing scrutiny in places where Muslims gather. In late July, after the bombings in Kunming, police officers were seen sitting across from a mosque in the Russian quarter of Beijing. The owner of the Xinjiang Kashgar Restaurant near the main Olympic venue said he shut down Tuesday after repeated visits from officials who cited health concerns. He said several other Muslim restaurants nearby had received similar visits. The owner, a Uighur, spoke on the condition of anonymity for fear that he would be further harassed by the authorities.

Not only Uighurs are being singled out. A British woman of Tibetan ethnicity who was living in Beijing, Dechen Pemba, said she had been taken to the airport last month and deported without warning or reason.

In Xinjiang, an extra layer of security screening has been added to 13 airports, according to Xinhua. Certain liquids, including alcohol, are banned from trains in Xinjiang, and a security inspector has been put on board each of the 4,000 buses in Urumqi, the region’s capital.

Here in Beijing, the city is edging toward war footing. More than 34,000 military personnel and 74 airplanes, 47 helicopters and 33 navy ships have been deployed, said Col. Tian Yixiang, director of the military affairs department in the Olympic security command center.

Xinhua reported on Thursday that the government would put up to 6,000 security people on Beijing’s 18,000 buses during the Olympics, and another 30,000 at bus stops and terminals.

The Chinese government has also been installing tens of thousands of surveillance cameras on lamp poles and in Internet cafes and bars.

Critics of the measure say the cameras can be used not only to track potential terrorists, but also anyone who opposes the nation’s one-party rule. Western companies like I.B.M., General Electric, Honeywell and United Technologies have been shipping their latest computer tools to automatically analyze video images from thousands of cameras and alert computer operators to patterns that might indicate a threat.

The Security Industry Association, a Washington-based trade group for security companies around the world, said in a study last year that from 2001, when Beijing was awarded the Olympics, China spent as much as $6.5 billion on security in the Beijing area alone. The bulk of the spending is for extensive video monitoring systems that will stay in place after the Games.

“The surveillance system deployed by China for the Olympics, which includes key pieces of Western technology, is the most comprehensive and sophisticated surveillance system ever,” said James C. Mulvenon of the Center for Intelligence Research and Analysis in Washington, a private group that does classified work for the American government. “Properly used, it will definitely increase security at the Olympics, and Western companies will have contributed to that security.”

Largely separate from the Olympics, China is moving to install video monitoring systems in its 600 largest cities, and some, from Shenzhen in southeastern China to Lhasa, Tibet, are already far along.

Dr. Mulvenon said the large volume of sales from foreign companies raised the risk that Western equipment would be used to spy on Chinese dissidents after the Olympic athletes and spectators have gone home.

“The longer-term implications are less positive,” he said. “Whereas the legacy of previous Olympics was sports stadiums, the legacy of the Beijing Olympics will be a high-tech police state.”

Edward Wong reported from Beijing and Keith Bradsher from Hong Kong. Jake Hooker, Huang Yuanxi and Jessie Jiang contributed research.

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特稿：北京恼晕遗产－－高科技警察国家

DWNEWS.COM-- 2008年8月5日15:51:24(京港台时间) --多维新闻网

多维社记者林桂明编译报导/为了即将开始的恼晕会，中国警方在有1700万人口的首都北京布下了地毯式的安全检查网。中国领导人说，保证恼晕会安全，将是高于一切的任务。

中国官员警告说，恐怖主义将是一种持续不断的威胁，特别是来自中国西部辛姜地区的穆斯林分离主义团体的威胁。4日上午，官方的新华社报道，中国的安全部队受到了一次几乎是历来最致命的攻击：16名武装警察死亡，还有16人受伤。在遥远的西部，沙漠绿洲城镇喀什，攻击者在早上8时驾驶一辆货车冲入一座武警驻 地，投掷两枚手榴弹。警方拘捕了两名男子。消息传出来后，西方几乎所有的新闻媒体都以最快的速度对该事件，以及事件的背景及其影响作出了报导。

纽约时报记者爱德华王（Edward Wong）和布莱德什（Keith Bradsher）报导说，事实上，在这次袭击发生之前，中国警方已将北京变成了一个巨大的堡垒。

地对空导弹瞄准着恼晕场馆上空；监视摄像头装在人行道的灯杆上；警务人员在检查成千上万进入北京城的小汽车和卡车。

甚至老百姓都被动员起来保卫祖国安全：数以万计的中老年居民戴着红色臂章，使人想起了几十年前狂热的红卫兵，不过他们现在是巡逻在街道上，注意任何可疑人或行为的蛛丝马迹。

反恐怖主义专家说，这种广泛和严密的安全工作几乎是历来的恼晕会中最全面的安全戒备，可能足以阻止对这个城市的各种攻击。不过他们说，在运动会期间，中国的其他地方仍然面临着危险的攻击，特别是经过近期北京以外的地方发生了一系列的巴士爆炸事件之后，更能证明如此。

中国官员指出，威胁来自一系列对政府不满的势力，这些势力可以排列成令人目眩一长列，包括：主张独立于中国的姜独组织、躲独组织、被取缔的Flag精神运动及其信徒，基地组织和其他不满政府的个人。

“我相信，北京恼晕会现在面临的真正威胁来自恐怖袭击事件，”李伟说，他是充当政府智囊半官方研究组织－－－中国现代国际关系研究院反恐研究中心的主任。他说：“我想，恼晕会是四年一次的最重要的国际体育盛事，也是四年中国际媒体最关注的一个焦点，因此，这可能会吸引恐怖的一些注意力。”

自从1972年慕尼黑夏季恼晕会以来，每一届恼晕会都有恐怖主义的幽灵降临。在1972年的那届恼晕会，有11名以色列的运动员和教练员被一个巴勒斯坦武装团体杀害。

但是，人权团体却指责中国政府利用反恐怖主义为借口，不让异议人士说话，对不满汉族统治的少数族裔团体进行打击，在中国，汉族主导了共产党的领导地位。一些安全专家说，很多的监恐措施，可能会在恼晕后，仍然留在原地，以便当局加强监控工作。

中国和国际的反恐专家说，恼晕会的最大威胁来自辛姜的暴力分离主义者，辛姜也是一个在历史上由穆斯林突厥语系威吾尔人占主导地位的地区，但是现在由中国的汉人统治。

警方说，在今年上半年，在辛姜有82人被捕，他们涉嫌在北京恼晕会上制造恐怖事件。今年3月，当局说，一名19岁的威吾尔族女子试图劫持或炸毁一架飞往北京的飞机。

中国官员说，最大的风险是攻击来自一个地下活动的组织，它称为东火鸡斯坦伊斯兰运动，或称“东伊运”，他们追求威吾尔人的独立。美国国务院在2002年将该组织列为恐怖组织。

纽约时报的报导还说，研究辛姜问题的一些学者对这个组织的能量和它的存在有不同看法，甚至质疑其是否真的存在。而中国政府官员也几乎从来没有公开提供证据来证实“东伊运”的存在。

外界一些专家说，该组织规模相当小，包括了一个所谓的“东土伊斯兰党”，这个党7月23日发表的一个视频显示，一名蒙面男子自称为指挥官塞伊富拉的声称对最近的昆明和上海巴士爆炸案负责，这两起事件造成5人死亡和至少26人受伤。

李伟和中国官员说，昆明和上海的爆炸案是心怀不满的个人的行为，而不是恐怖袭击，虽然有境外的反恐专家怀疑，东火鸡斯坦伊斯兰运动参与了事件。

史蒂夫维克斯（Steve Vickers），曾长期主管香港刑事情报，现在是一家名为“国际风险”（International Risk）的亚洲安全咨询公司首席执行长，他认为：“（恐怖主义的）威胁仍然是中等程度的，但因为恼晕会而稍为升高。”

虽然他也认为最大威胁来自东伊运或该组织的分支，但是他说：“中国人在那里与这些人相处已经很久了”，并对他们很好。

纽约时报的报导说，反恐专家古纳拉特纳（Rohan Gunaratna），是在新加坡南洋理工大学的政治暴力和恐怖主义研究所国际中心负责人，他也认为东伊运是最大威胁。“在恼晕会期间，我相信他们很难攻击北京恼晕会，”他说，“他们可能将攻击北京以外的地方。”可以预期，甚至攻击首都以外的地区也可能散布恐惧和破坏恼晕会。

古纳拉特纳博士估计，总部设在巴基斯坦的山区部落地区的这个组织有大约40个成员，他们在准备展开行动。这些威吾尔人在2001年美国入侵阿富汗之前，受 过训练。虽然他们与恐怖集团的联系还是不很清楚。东伊运，现在在巴基斯坦是在基地组织和塔利班的保护下生存，并且在最近几年中，接受了基地组织所主张的全 球圣战的意识形态，古纳拉特纳说。

古纳拉特纳还补充说，中国对这些组织缺乏真正了解，以及对威吾尔人采取了生硬的政策，将会更多地把威吾尔人推向激进派。

实际上，“支持东伊运的威吾尔人，占的百分比是非常，非常小的，”他说，“少于百分之一。正因为这样，不要走强硬路线才是重要的，因为那样做，只会激化主流社会人群的对抗意识。”

英国电讯报记者彼得福斯特（Peter Foster）和理查德斯宾塞（Richard Spencer）的报导说，此前，一些流亡团体，如世界威吾尔代表大会，曾指责中国当局夸大和制造恐怖威胁的理由，在该地区不分青红皂白地逮捕和镇压维族人。

当地时间3日晚，该组织驻欧洲的代表，世界威吾尔代表大会发言人迪里夏提(Dilxat Raxit)，在电话中证实了该地区发生的这一事件。他说，世界威吾尔代表大会反对暴力，但他指责是中国的挑衅导致了这种暴力反应。

“我们不希望看到这样的事件，我们也不希望在出现这样的事件，”迪里夏提告诉每日电讯报说，“但我们不能防止北京有系统地镇压威吾尔族人，我们也没有能力控制像这种的一种行为。中国当局的政策和行为迫使威吾尔人倾向采取军事行动和攻击的道路。”

一威吾尔族恐怖集团，东火鸡斯坦伊斯兰运动（东伊运），这可能是一样的尖端，是被告双方，美国和中国的联系与基地组织。它的号码是未知的，这是在同一时间被认为已经瓦解后，其领导人被打死在巴基斯坦在2003年。[不知道译者自己读得懂这段话么？]

分析家说，威吾尔组织并没有足够的力量去穿透中国当局设立的保安的钢铁防线。北京已经为恼晕部署了超过十万的保安人员。

不过，在北京也有另一类事件发生，一小群示威者在天安门附近与警方发生了冲突。他们是住在天安门广场南面的当地居民，抗议被赶出家门，以便为一个新的购物区腾地方。

警方包围了他们，但没有拘捕人，因为警察深知天安门广场发生任何形式的示威活动都极度敏感。居民们最终被当地居委会的人带离了现场。

纽约时报的报导还说，中国官员还警告在威吾尔人中煽动动乱其他的组织。据官方媒体新华社的报道说，一个国际性的的逊尼派组织在威吾尔人中组织行动，该组织 名叫“希兹伯塔西里尔”(Hizb ut-Tahrir﹐阿拉伯语意思是解放党﹐意为伊斯兰复兴运动)，其目标是重新建立一个泛亚洲的伊斯兰帝国。他们组织西部城市和田的抗议活动，有数百人 参加。

在北京当的新的保安措施，包括加紧对穆斯林聚集之处监控。在7月下旬，昆明爆炸事件后，在北京的俄罗斯人聚居区，人们发现警察坐在一座清真寺的对面。在主要的恼晕场馆附近，开有一家辛姜喀什餐厅的老板说，他在7月底关门了，因为政府官员一次又一次地来检查卫生，他说，附近其他几个穆斯林餐厅也都发生了类似的状况。

这位威吾尔业主，要求记者不要报导他的名字，担心以后被当局找他更多的麻烦。

威吾尔人并不是唯一被挑出来找麻烦的人。德庆边巴（Dechen Pemba），是一名生活在北京的东躲族裔的英国女子，据她说，上个月，在没有得到任何警告和解释原因的情况下，她被带到机场，然后驱逐出境。

多维社从网上检索到的消息说，在辛姜地区，据新华社的报导，对13个机场，加强了安全检查措施，新增加了受检查和禁止携带的物品。在那里，某些液体，包括酒精，甚至禁止带上火车。在辛姜首府乌鲁木齐，全市的4，000巴士，每一辆都配有一名安全监察员。

在北京这里，这个城市正处在接近于走向战争状态。部署了超过3.4万名军人和74架飞机，47架直升机和33海军舰艇，以确保安全，恼晕安全保卫指挥中心军队工作部部长田义祥大校说。新华社30日的报道表示，在恼晕会期间，政府将派出多达6，000名保安人员在全市的1.8辆巴士上，并另外有3名保安人员在巴士站和发车总站。

中国政府也已安装了数以万计的监视摄像机在灯柱子上、在网吧和酒吧里，对政府的批评者指出，政府这种措施不仅可以用来追踪和监控潜在的恐怖分子，而且可以监控任何反对一党专政的人士。

西方国家的公司，如IBM，通用电气，霍尼韦尔公司和联合技术公司已经运来了他们的最新的电脑自动分析视频图像设施，从数以千计的摄像机，到可能显示存在威胁的电脑警告装置。

总部设在华盛顿的安全产业协会（Security Industry Association）是一家世界性的保安设施贸易集团，该公司去年的一项研究说，从2001年北京获得恼晕会主办权起，到2008年，中国已花费了65亿美元在北京地区的安全设施上，大部分的开支是为了安装广泛的视频监控系统，恼晕会后将留在原地方不动。

“监察系统是中国为恼晕会部署的，其中包括使用西方技术的关键部件，历来是最全面和最先进的监视系统，”美国的著名智库之一的华盛顿情报研究和分析中心主任毛文杰（James Mulvenon）说，“妥善运用它，它肯定会加强恼晕会的安全，而西方公司也将为此作出贡献。”

但毛文杰也指出，大量的销售也有随之而来的风险，那就是在恼晕结束，恼晕健儿和观众都回家后，西方的先进设备可能将被中国政府用于对持不同政见者的监控。

“长远影响可能就长远来看，正面的作用会减少，”毛文杰说。

“如果以前历届恼晕会的遗产是体育场馆，那么北京恼晕会的遗产将是一个高科技的警察国家。”