2010年 01月 14日 10:33
http://cn.wsj.com/gb/20100114/atc103440.asp
谷歌(Google Inc.)威胁退出中国的惊人之举,其决策过程具有强烈的个人色彩。两位明星创始人与其他高管辩论探讨,处理内容审查与网络安全问题的恰当方式。
谷歌称,它遭到了源自中国、针对其公司基础架构的高技术、有针对性的攻击。谷歌对这一情况非常公开化的反应酝酿了数周之久,其间谷歌创始人佩奇(Larry Page)和布林(Sergey Brin)深度参与。
对这两个人来说,“中国”一直都是一个敏感话题。与布林交谈过的人说,很久以来布林就曾向朋友和谷歌的同事吐露他对于在华经营的矛盾心理,说因为他在俄罗斯度过的童年,所以对于与政府内容审查合作的道德困境就更显突出。多年来,布林一直是谷歌非正式的企业良心,及其“不作恶”(Don't be Evil)信条的守护者。
针对网络攻击的调查在数周前展开,但谷歌是怎样侦测到攻击的还不清楚。据知情人士称,当谷歌员工搜集到更多证据、并相信这些证据表明攻击与中国和中国当局存在关联时,首席执行长施密特(Eric Schmidt)与佩奇、布林开始一起讨论应该如何做出反应,由此展开一场激烈的辩论,探讨究竟是留在中国、尽力从内部改变这个政权,还是应该离开。谷歌一位发言人说,佩奇、布林和施密特都不会发表评论。
据这些知情人士称,施密特坚持一贯看法说,在中国经营业务以尽力开放这一政权是道德的。布林竭力反驳说,公司已经尽了力,继续审查搜索结果再也说不过去。
据一位知情人士称,三人最后一致认为,他们应当公开披露这起攻击,努力与他们眼中企业界存在的一种暗箱文化决裂,不像它们那样对这种性质的攻击保持沉默。
上述几位知情人士称,很快,谷歌负责公共政策与传播事务的副总裁惠特斯通(Rachel Whetstone)开始为公司计划公开发布的声明起草并修改了数个版本,然后让三人过目。
三位大头一致认为,博客文章除了谈论攻击事件本身以外,还应该加上一些有关人权问题的措辞,其中最强硬的措辞是博文倒数第二段中的一句话。
该段落说道,在考虑了这些网络攻击以及中国过去一年试图进一步限制网络言论自由的行为后,他们决定重新评估谷歌在中国业务运营的可行性。
由于担心谷歌在中国的员工有可能遭到报复,谷歌的两位创始人及其顾问要求在声明中加入了一行文字,说该决定是由公司在美国的管理团队做出的,谷歌中国团队对此毫不知情,也未曾参与。
据两位知情人士说,谷歌的一批管理人士周一被告知,公司计划周二公布上述声明。
为了进一步保护在华的中国员工,谷歌的管理人士在声明发布前几分钟才将此事通知中国团队的绝大部分员工。
谷歌三位最高决策人士发生意见不一并不是什么新鲜事。比如说,施密特去年就对记者们说,他曾一直反对佩奇让谷歌推出一个网络浏览器的想法,但最终还是接受了佩奇的意见。
谷歌在中国的行为一直在为西方公司是否应在中国做生意这一涉及范围更广的地缘政治争论输送话题。2006年,在谷歌表示将审查其中国搜索引擎后,美国众议院要求该公司前往国会解释其这一行为。美国众议院已开始考虑通过立法手段禁止美国公司除某些特定情况外与中国官员合作。
谷歌周二表示,它将不再遵守中国政府的要求,对其在华网站Google.cn的搜索结果进行过滤。该公司说它将与中国政府讨论此事,并表示,它意识到此举可能意味着公司将不得不关闭Google.cn以及公司在华的办公室。
谷歌的决定与许多美国企业加大在华涉足力度的经营策略可谓背道而驰。中国既是美国企业重要的潜在出口市场,也是美国企业和消费者所需众多制成品的来源地。
美中贸易的资深观察人士暗示,谷歌和美国总的来说没有什么可以迫使中国放弃互联网审查或其他行为的影响力。
除了Google.cn这个网站外,谷歌这一决定还有可能影响到该公司在中国的一系列商业项目与合作伙伴。由于如此公开地斥责了中国当局,谷歌自身及其合作伙伴有可能遭到中国政府的报复。谷歌的决定也会影响到其在中国本地市场的竞争者,谷歌撤出中国有可能使他们受益。
Jessica E. Vascellaro
2010年1月14日 星期四
华尔街日报:谷歌高层激烈争论退出中国的内幕
2010年1月6日 星期三
华尔街日报:中共正在输掉网络战争
中共所谓的反网络色情运动已经进行四个月了,中共政府关闭了数千个网站,其中有些是色情的,很多却不是。尽管中共不断的对网络实施更严密的封锁,有数不清的网站在中国被扼杀,然而更大层面的事实是:网络审查正彻底失败。
《华尔街日报》记者ORETTA CHAO和JASON DEAN十二月三十一日报导,外国网站,比如Facebook, YouTube和 Twitter,自从中共准备十月一日庆祝其在中国的六十年统治那天起就遭审查封闭,至今许多中国用户依然无法连上。
自从网络进入中国后的十几年来,曾遭受中共多次打压,被批评者们称之为“超级防火墙(Great Firewall)”的网络过滤装置,其封锁的范围不断扩大,封锁技术也越来越尖端。
艾撒克·毛(Isaac Mao)是创办中国博客的先锋和中国网络的研究者,他说:“尽管审查在各处战役中都有获胜,却在输掉整个战争”。
在二零零九年,北京甚至在一场大战役中失败,也就是所谓的“绿坝”事件。这是网络审查力量有限的最戏剧性的表达。
现在“翻墙”这一网络管制异议者的术语,已经成为许多中国网络用户的标准语言。
2009年,对“绿坝”的抗议通过网络迅速传播,对那些长期以来不许公开讨论的事情在网上进行了生动的讨论,还转载了一位女子邓玉娇的证词,她在自我防卫中杀掉了试图强奸她的当地政府官员而被起诉。
互联网给中国人提供了一个对一些敏感问题进行讨论并组织行动的机会。
爱滋病问题的杰出活动家万延海(Wan Yanhai)在电子邮件和网络的帮助下,在北京成立爱滋病问题非政府组织,他说:“在过去十年来,(网络)对人们的生活产生了巨大影响,给了人们勇气来改变这个社会。”
共产党一直对信息的力量有非常敏锐的认识。从它一开始统治起,它就禁止国外新闻来源,宣传部门的官员们则紧紧的控制着国家的每一份出版物和广播的内容。中国 在二十世纪八十年代后期有过短暂的自由,那时大学生们和精英成员被容许更多的自由聚会探讨。但是由于信息传播速度受科技及其它限制,那种自由是有限的。这段时期以政府在一九八九年在天安门广场对学生的民主请愿进行镇压而告结束。
不到十年后,网络进入中国,给中共带来了一个一直无法排解的难题。中共官员知道网络是与外部沟通和进行商务活动的有利工具,但又担心其“危险”性。从一开始,他们就计划着如何控制网络。在一九九六年,他们规定所有网络申请者必须到当地警察局登记。那时全国网络用户不到一百万,似乎还可行。但是很快,用户增加到数千万、数亿,再行不通了。
在二零零三年,中共宣布了一项大型计划叫“金盾工程”,来管制互联网,明显的目的是让公安人员进行网上监控。
今天,许多中共政府机构都在负责互联网监控,包括管制本地运作的网站,强迫他们过滤“非法”内容。
但是当局每阻止一个异议,就带来更多的异议。加州大学柏克莱分校专研中国互联网的学者萧强(XiaoQiang)说:“有那么多人。他们能对一个很小的人群进行监控,但是这种方式肯定无法吓阻更多线上的声音。”
尽管中共政府对网络内容控制越来越内行、越来越快,但是它依然无法跟上网络的用途成番增长的速度。根据官方数据,在二零零九年上半年,平均每天有22万995个中国人开始使用互联网,也就是每分钟有153位新用户。
互联网最终会打破中共的信息垄断,这是自由活动人士和中共官员们少数几个认识一致的事实之一。在十二月份中共政府的一份刊物上发表的文章中,公安部长孟建柱警告,互联网“已经成为‘反华势力’进行渗透和颠覆,并扩大他们力量的重要工具”。
柏克莱分校的萧先生说:“其实,互联网是主流媒介。在互联网上报导的任何事,全国都会知道,中共政府的神经也会被触动。”
他说:“审查变得越来越尖端越来越强大,但是依然充满漏洞”。当政府试图封锁网络时,“主要的结果只是引起中国网络用户更多的抵制和反抗。他们在制造多得多的网络审查体系的敌人。”
—— 原载: 华尔街日报
2010年1月1日 星期五
Wall Street Jounal: Obama Puts the Dis in Dissident
The cry going up in China: Where is the president of the United States?
OPINION: MAIN STREET DECEMBER 29, 2009, 4:03 P.M. ET
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703278604574624551416209452.html
Here's a timely New Year's resolution the president might do well to deliver to his National Security Council: "When it comes to nasty regimes that brutalize their people, we will never again forget that the most powerful weapon in a president's arsenal is a White House photo-op."
The December headlines remind us that we have no shortage of these nasty regimes. In China, the government sentences Liu Xiaobo to 11 years in prison for writing a letter calling for legal and political reforms. In Iran, security forces fire on citizens marching in the streets. In Cuba, pro-government goons intimidate a group of wives, mothers and sisters of jailed dissidents—with President Raul Castro characterizing these bullies as "people willing to protect, at any price, the conquests of the revolution."
In all these cases, the cry goes up: Where is the president of the United States?
For a man whose whole appeal has been wrapped in powerful imagery, President Obama appears strikingly obtuse about the symbolism of his own actions: e.g., squeezing in a condemnation of Iran before a round of golf. With every statement not backed up by action, with every refusal to meet a leader such as the Dalai Lama, with every handshake for a Chavez, Mr. Obama is defining himself to foreign leaders who are sizing him up and have only one question in mind: How much can we get away with?
As Yogi Berra put it, it's déjà vu all over again. In his eagerness to downplay freedom in his foreign policy, Mr. Obama resembles no president so much as Gerald Ford. Barely a year into office, President Ford also made a symbolic choice for realism over rights.
The year was 1975. For its dinner in Washington, the AFL-CIO had invited Alexander Solzhenitsyn, a Nobel Prize winner exiled from his Russian homeland a year earlier, after publication of the first volume of his "Gulag Archipelago."
Republican senators tried to arrange for a meeting with Ford. Acting on the advice of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Ford nixed it.
The pragmatists thought that having the president get together with Solzhenitsyn would sour efforts for détente in a forthcoming meeting with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. As usual the pragmatists were highly impractical. The refusal to meet Solzhenitsyn made Ford look weak. In many ways, the moment would forever define his foreign policy.
One of the leading critics of President Ford's decision was Ronald Reagan. In his own time as president, Reagan met with dissidents. He quoted Solzhenitsyn often. And when he so famously upset the establishment by referring to the Soviet Union as an "evil empire," Reagan no doubt recalled that night in 1975 at the AFL-CIO dinner—when Solzhenitsyn had referred to the Soviet Union as "the concentration of world evil."
Reagan set a tone that hit the Soviets in their most vulnerable spot: their lack of moral legitimacy. In retrospect, we can more easily see that Reagan's willingness to give voice to freedom-loving dissidents only increased his leverage as president as he dealt with the Soviets and their allies.
George W. Bush also made it a point to meet with dissidents and signal which side America was on. He met with a defector who spent 10 years in the North Korean gulag. He met with persecuted Chinese Christians, marked the 20th anniversary of a famous pro-democracy uprising in Burma by meeting with Burmese dissidents in Thailand, and awarded the Medal of Freedom to a jailed Cuban political prisoner. In 2007, he even spoke to a whole conference of dissidents in Prague organized by another alumnus of the Soviet prison system: Natan Sharansky.
Now it's not easy for a president to meet with dissidents. When you do, some won't think you are strong enough. And even Ronald Reagan was criticized in 1986 for not meeting with Yelena Bonner, wife of jailed Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov.
More important are the internal pressures—some key trade deal, some delicate negotiation, some huge foreign policy concession your staff has been working on forever. Yet precisely because all the momentum is in the direction of accommodation, it's important for a president to remember the one argument to the contrary. By meeting with some brave soul whom others want silenced, he sends a signal that cuts through the fog, compels respect from his enemies, and will be remembered long after the concerns of the day are forgotten.
Barack Obama has spent his first year as president determined to prove to the world he is not George W. Bush. He has succeeded. Let's hope that in so doing he has not sent the message that he is the new Gerald Ford.